Rethinking Regional Security
Paradigm: Non-Traditional Security Threats and the Role of
Regional Dialogue in
South Asia
Dr Summar Iqbal Babar *
Abstract
In the post-9/11 era, the South Asian region faces a
complex security landscape dominated by both traditional and non-traditional
threats, including climate change, resource scarcity, infectious diseases, and
transnational crime. The COVID-19 pandemic has further highlighted the need for
collaborative efforts to address these challenges. This research focuses on
analysing six key areas -- climate change, food security, water scarcity,
infectious diseases, mass migration, and terrorism -- within the context of
South Asia, emphasising the importance of regional dialogue as a vital
mechanism for effective mitigation. The primary emphasis of this research study
is on a significant transformation within the South Asian Association for
Regional Cooperation (SAARC), envisioning it as a dynamic platform for
addressing non-traditional security challenges. It underscores the necessity
for tailored strategies that account for the multifaceted factors shaping these
issues, advocating for regional dialogue to reshape the SAARC as a more
effective platform for collective action. By capitalising on shared experiences
and values, regional dialogue not only strengthens regional stability but also
reaffirms the commitment to enhancing the well-being and resilience of South
Asia's diverse populations, thereby promoting sustainable development and
* Dr Summar
Iqbal Babar is an Assistant Professor at School of Politics and International
Relations, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad. Saher Liaqat, Research Fellow at
Hanns Seidel Foundation, Pakistan, has coordinated with the author in writing
this paper.
__________________
@2023 by the Islamabad Policy Research Institute. IPRI Journal n XXIII (2): 25-56 https://doi.org/10.31945/iprij.230202
security in the region. This, in turn, is seen as a meaningful
contribution to sustainable development and security in the area. Ultimately,
the research advocates for a novel perspective that aligns with the evolving
nature of threats in the region, positioning SAARC as a pioneer in reimagining
the regional security paradigm.
Keywords: Non-Traditional
Security Threats, South Asia, Regional Dialogue, Terrorism, Post-COVID-19
World.
Introduction
|
T |
traditional threats” to security.
Non-Traditional Security (NTS) encompasses a broad range of issues related to
the well-being of individuals, including climate change, limited availability
of resources like energy, food, and water, the spread of infectious diseases,
natural disasters, transnational crime, trafficking of humans and drugs, and
largescale migration.[1]
South Asia, consisting of eight
countries, namely Pakistan, India, Nepal, Bangladesh, Bhutan, Sri Lanka,
Maldives, and Afghanistan, is home to a population of two billion individuals,[2]
nearly one-third of the global population, and faces many security challenges
that encompass traditional and non-traditional aspects[3]
These interconnected challenges often reinforce one another, rendering the
region increasingly vulnerable to the notable challenges, such as resource
depletion, poverty, food insecurity, water scarcity, climate change,
environmental degradation, and inadequate healthcare services. They directly
impact the lives of millions of people in South Asia. Any calamity in these
domains can potentially exacerbate conditions that contribute to conventional
security threats within the region.
[1] Mely Caballero-Anthony and
Alistair DB Cook, "Non-Traditional Security in Asia: Issues, Challenges
and Framework for Action"
(Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies,
2013).
[2] “Southern Asia Population
2023,” accessed August 15, 2023, https://worldpopulation review.com/continents/southern-asia-population.
[3] Zahid Shahab Ahmed, Regionalism and Regional Security in South
Asia (Surrey: Ashgate Publishing Limited, 2013).
[4] World Bank, Climate and Development in South Asia (South
Asia: The Country Climate and Development Reports (CCDRs), 2022), accessed
August 15, 2023,
https://www.worldbank.org/en/region/sar/brief/integrating-climate-and-development-insouth-asia/integrating-climate-and-development-in-south-asia-region.
practices, and investment in
sustainable technologies and practices.[1]
Health security is another crucial aspect of NTS in South Asia. Infectious
diseases and pandemics can have devastating effects on communities and
economies.[2]
Enhancing healthcare infrastructure, strengthening disease surveillance
systems, and fostering regional cooperation in public health response can build
resilience against health crises.[3]
Additionally, the issues of human-trafficking, drugtrafficking, mass migration,
terrorism, and other transnational crimes threaten the safety and well-being of
individuals in the region. Collaborative efforts to combat these challenges
through intelligencesharing, law enforcement cooperation, and targeted
initiatives can effectively mitigate these NTS threats.
The root causes of the major
threats in the South Asian region are persistent territorial disputes,
differences in ideologies, and disagreements regarding the distribution of
natural resources. The protracted existence of conflicts in South Asia has undeniable
repercussions on the geopolitics of the entire region, often leading to
localised armed struggles and wars.[4]
India and Pakistan, the two great powers in South Asia, allocate significant
financial resources to their defense systems, despite the pressing needs of
their citizens for civic necessities.9 The economies of these
countries suffer, the populations lag in development, and crucial sectors such
as healthcare, infrastructure, and human development lack adequate investment.
Moreover, both nations persist in a relentless arms race due to their rivalry
which upsets the regional balance of power.
The region's failure to take action and the absence of political will to confront NTS challenges indirectly intensify conventional security threats as well. Hence, this mutual distrust between the
[1] Asian Development Bank, Climate Change in South Asia: Strong
Responses for Building a Sustainable Future (Asian Development Bank, 2010),
https://www.adb.org/ publications /climate-change-south-asia-strong-responses-building-sustainable-future.
[2] Swagata Saha and Sukalpa
Chakrabarti, “The Non-Traditional Security Threat of COVID-19 in South Asia: An
Analysis of the Indian and Chinese Leverage in Health Diplomacy,” South Asian Survey 28, No. 1 (2021):
111–32.
[3] Summar Iqbal Babar and
Hassan Zubair Malik, “COVID-19 and Human Security Challenges to Pakistan,” Pakistan Journal of History & Culture
43, No. 1 (2022).
[4] Tahira Mumtaz et al.,
“Nuclear Powers and Terrorism: An Unfinished Crisis (A Case of Pakistan and
India),” Journal of Positive School
Psychology (2023): 1278–84. 9 Mariam Tahir, Javed Ali Kalhoro,
and Ashfaq Ahmad, “The Emerging Intelligence Architecture of Internal Security
& New Regional Dynamics in South Asia (20152018),” Global Social Sciences Review (2019).
archrivals, India, and Pakistan,
adds an element of uncertainty to regional stability. While maintaining the
current level of confidence-building measures and deterrence against
traditional security threats remain crucial. All South Asian nations must
redirect their attention to collectively address nontraditional security
challenges.[1]
This requires a united commitment to safeguard their interconnected security
concerns. Nonetheless, ineffective governance, lack of transparency, political
instability, inadequate strategic planning, corruption, and an inability to
adapt to evolving geopolitical dynamics hinder the efficient allocation of
resources in South Asia.
Efforts to foster regional
cooperation on nontraditional security issues in South Asia can have long-term
benefits in addressing persistent traditional security challenges. The SAARC is
the primary organisation in the South Asian region capable of facilitating
peaceful dispute settlement and fostering regional cooperation through
dialogues.[2]
Geopolitical rivalries and disputes have hampered the organisation’s
effectiveness. The South Asian nations must transcend their differences and
prioritise collective security over individual interests to unlock the potential
of regional cooperation. Investing in NTS threats improves the population's
wellbeing and enhances the region's resilience to conventional threats. It
reduces the risk of conflicts and discourages arms race.[3]
In order to ensure a
comprehensive examination of the prominent NTS challenges prevalent in South
Asia, a mixed qualitative and quantitative methodology has been adopted along
with literature review. The regional dialogue in South Asia on NTS issues such
as climate change, food insecurity, water scarcity, infectious diseases, mass
migration, and transnational crime involved in the South Asian region have also
been analysed by the application of Communicative Action Theory. It aims to
answer how NTS threats evolved and what is their impact on the overall security
landscape? How can regional dialogue on NTS threats foster shared norms and
values to develop a culture of cooperation and mutual understanding among the
South Asian nations?
[1] Inayat Kalim, Sohail
Ahmad, and Arshad Bashir, “Human Security in South Asia: Characterizing
Traditional and Non-Traditional Security Threats,” Journal of Political Studies, 2019.
[2] Lawrence Saez, The South Asian Association for Regional
Cooperation (SAARC): An Emerging Collaboration Architecture (London:
Routledge, 2012).
[3] Li Li, “Promoting Cooperation on Nontraditional Security Issues,” Policy Perspectives 9, No. 1 (2012): 27–35.
Moreover, it aims to answer how
have NTS threats such as climate change, resource scarcity, infectious
diseases, and transnational crime, evolved in the South Asian region, and what
is their impact on the overall security landscape and how can regional dialogue
on NTS threats foster shared norms and values to develop a culture of
cooperation and mutual understanding among the South Asian nations?
The Nexus of Communicative Action Theory and
Regional Dialogue on NTS Threats
Communicative Action Theory (CAT),
developed by philosopher Jürgen Habermas, offers a profound perspective on the
significance of regional dialogue in addressing NTS threats in South Asia.[1]
This theory emphasises the pivotal role of open, inclusive, and transparent
communication in democratic deliberation and decision-making processes. In the
context of South Asia, effective regional dialogue on NTS threats should
involve a diverse array of stakeholders, including governments,
non-governmental organisations, academic institutions, and civil society,
ensuring a comprehensive and informed decision-making process.[2]
Furthermore, it stresses the importance of fostering mutual understanding among
dialogue participants, allowing them to share diverse perspectives, priorities,
and interests related to NTS threats. Through rational deliberation based on
evidence and reasoning, regional dialogue can lead to consensus-based solutions
that are more likely to be sustainable and accepted by all parties involved.
This approach also upholds the principles of legitimacy and accountability,
bolstering the effectiveness of NTS threat responses. Moreover, by promoting
peaceful conflict resolution, regional dialogue can serve as a means to
de-escalate tensions and foster cooperation in South Asia's complex security
landscape.
[1] Axel Honneth and Hans
Joas, Communicative Action: Essays on
Jürgen Habermas’s The Theory of Communicative Action (Cambridge: MIT Press,
1991).
[2] Lars G. Lose, Communicative Action and the World of Diplomacy,” in Constructing International Relations: The Next Generation (London: Routledge, 2001).
communication. It aligns with the
idea that the framing of NTS threats as security issues occurs through
discursive interactions among various actors, including political authorities,
international organisations, and civil society. Understanding the motives and
consequences of securitisation efforts, as highlighted by the Copenhagen
School, becomes particularly relevant in the context of regional dialogues,
where decisions regarding resource allocation, policy priorities, and
cooperative strategies are negotiated. The amalgamation of these two
theoretical perspectives enriches our comprehension of how communicative
processes contribute to the securitisation of NTS threats in South Asia's
regional discourse.
The nexus of Communicative Action
Theory and regional dialogue on NTS threats involves a comprehensive
understanding of how communicative processes shape the perception and
management of these threats within a regional context, such as South Asia.
Regional dialogues in South Asia play a crucial role as forums for multilateral
discussions and negotiations. It provides a platform where nations can
collectively address shared challenges, particularly NTS threats. These
dialogues serve as arenas for open discourse and cooperation among South Asian
countries, allowing them to deliberate on pressing issues like climate change,
infectious diseases, and resource scarcity. Given the interconnected nature of
these challenges, regional dialogues enable participating nations to share
insights, exchange information, and collaboratively devise strategies to
mitigate the impact of NTS threats. Through these discussions, countries can
explore common ground, enhance mutual understanding, and foster joint
initiatives, ultimately contributing to the development of comprehensive and
cooperative approaches to address the complex security landscape in the South
Asian region.
In regional dialogues, the
communicative processes unfold as a dynamic arena where NTS threats are not only
discussed but also framed as immediate concerns with security dimensions. The
articulation and discussion of these issues within the dialogues significantly
impact their collective perception and subsequent addressing. Through effective
communication, participants engage in shaping the narrative around NTS threats.
It generally emphasises urgency and the need for coordinated responses. The
framing of these challenges within the discourse of security influences the
decision-making process, steering the collective focus toward allocating
resources, formulating policies, and fostering cooperative strategies. In
essence, the communicative dynamics within regional dialogues act as a
catalyst. They shape the collective understanding and response to NTS threats in
a manner that reflects the immediate security concerns of the participating
nations.
Moreover, CAT’s emphasis on
inclusivity, finds resonance within regional dialogues where diverse
perspectives converge to address NTS threats. Inclusivity, a central tenet of
this theory, ensures that regional dialogues become platforms for a rich and
comprehensive analysis of NTS challenges. By accommodating the perspectives of
various stakeholders, including governments, experts, and civil society
representatives, these dialogues provide a holistic understanding of the
multifaceted nature of NTS threats in the South Asian context. The
incorporation of diverse viewpoints enriches the deliberative process,
fostering a more nuanced and informed discourse that takes into account the
social, economic, and environmental dimensions of these challenges.
Participants engage in open and inclusive communication, sharing diverse
perspectives and expertise to formulate strategies that are comprehensive and
responsive to the complex challenges posed by NTS threats. The application of
CAT principles in these decision-making processes ensures that the outcomes are
not only collective but also reflective of a deeper understanding of the issues
at hand.
Transparency and trust building,
as explicated by CAT, play pivotal roles in fostering effective collaboration
within regional dialogues. Open communication promotes transparency, allowing
participating nations to share information openly. This transparency, in turn,
contributes to the establishment of trust among the nations involved. Trust is
fundamental in creating an environment where countries are more willing to
collaborate sincerely, share resources, and jointly address shared NTS
challenges. The application of CAT principles in regional dialogues thus
establishes a foundation of transparency and trust, facilitating more effective
cooperation in the face of complex security threats.
Identifying Common Non-Traditional Security
Threats in South Asia
This research offers a comprehensive
examination of the prominent NTS challenges prevailing in South Asia, which
encompass climate change, food insecurity, water scarcity, infectious diseases,
mass migration, and terrorism.
Climate Change and Environmental Security in
South Asia
Climate change, as defined by the
United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), embodies
changes attributed to human activities, either directly or indirectly,
resulting in shifts within the global atmospheric composition.[1]
This perturbation distinguishes itself from natural climatic variability
observed over analogous temporal spans. The South Asian region, marked by its
susceptibility to climatic shocks, contends with an evolving paradigm
characterised by emergent climatic patterns, typified by heightened instances
of severe heat waves, cyclones, droughts, and inundations. These occurrences
collectively challenge the adaptive capacities of governmental institutions,
local communities, and businesses. Remarkably, more than half of South Asia's
population, encompassing approximately 750 million[2]
individuals across the eight nations, has directly faced the impacts of one or
multiple climate-related disasters over the past two decades. Notably, a
substantial demographic, up to 800 million people, confront the risk of
pronounced diminutions in their quality of life due to climate-induced
adversities, amplifying the vulnerability of marginalised segments.
[1] Jamil Afzal and Zuhaib
Nishtar, “A Substantial Study on History of Climate Change in South Asia for
Sustainable Development,” Journal of
History and Social Sciences 14, No. 1 (2023): 101–12.
[2] World Bank, Climate and Development in South Asia (South Asia: The Country Climate and Development Reports (CCDRs), 2022), accessed August 15, 2023, https://www.worldbank.org/en/region/sar/brief/integrating-climate-and-development-insouth-asia/integrating-climate-and-development-in-south-asia-region.
.png)
Figure 1: Source: Climate Risk Index 2019,
Germanwatch
The South Asian region faces
exacerbated natural disasters and climate change impacts due to abnormal
monsoon patterns and intensifying storms. Based on data provided by
Germanwatch, South Asia is situated among the global regions most susceptible
to seismic activity, encompassing natural and manmade disasters (Figure 1).
In South Asia, flash floods
emerge as a consequential climate change impact, exerting substantial threats
to both human settlements and the ecosystem.[1]
Flash floods, stemming from heavy rainfall, are a common occurrence in the
region, leading to loss of life, displacement of communities, infrastructure
damage, and disruptions to livelihoods.
[1] Center for Disaster Philanthropy,“2022 South Asian Floods,” (Washington D.C CDP, 2022), https://disasterphilanthropy.org/disasters/2022-south-asian-floods/.
.png)
Figure 2: Number of Flood Events and Death,
South Asia (1980-2021); Source: EM-DAT; Sanrachna Analysis
Furthermore, rapid urbanisation
and industrialisation, driven by burgeoning populations, exacerbate
environmental pressures, resulting in inadequate infrastructure, concentrated
poverty, and resource depletion. Mounting emissions from industrialisation further
exacerbate the region's vulnerability. Urban areas are particularly at risk due
to poor drainage systems and haphazard urban planning. The South Asian region
has witnessed a notable increase in carbon emissions in recent times, primarily
attributed to rapid industrial and urban development. This upsurge in emissions
presents substantial hurdles to the region's endeavours to combat climate
change, emphasising the urgency of adopting comprehensive approaches to tackle
this critical environmental issue.
.png)
Source: Climate Watch
Furthermore, the Indo-Gangetic
Plains, home to a substantial portion of the global population, suffer from
extreme smog episodes, adversely affecting air quality, public health, and the
economy. Given the transboundary nature of this challenge, there exists a
unique opportunity for cooperation, potentially reshaping diplomatic dynamics
between India and Pakistan.
To address these issues,
comprehensive strategies are essential, encompassing improved urban planning,
resilient infrastructure, early warning systems, and international
collaboration. Mitigating climate change impacts necessitates a cooperative
regional approach, founded on shared understanding, policy harmonisation, and
coordinated actions. Addressing the multifaceted challenges, stemming from
climate change within the South Asian context, underscores the urgency of
intergovernmental collaboration, proactive policy formulation, and an
unwavering commitment to safeguarding human security and ecological well-being.
Food Insecurity: An Interplay of Dimensions
within South Asia
Food security, as articulated by the Food and Agriculture
Organisation (FAO), encompasses a complex interplay of four fundamental
dimensions: availability, access, utilisation, and stability.[1]
These dimensions collectively address various aspects of food supply, economic
means to obtain food, nutritional value, and the resilience against shocks.
Within the South Asian region, where food insecurity looms large, these
dimensions manifest intricate connections, influenced by a confluence of
climatic patterns, economic structures, and societal dynamics. As of 2021, a
substantial proportion of 21 per cent populace of South Asia was grappling with
food insecurity.[2]
The availability of food in South
Asia rests heavily on its agrarian economies, which pivot on monsoon rainfall
and temperature fluctuations. The Himalayan glaciers, a crucial water source
for major rivers like the Ganges, Indus, and Brahmaputra, are diminishing
rapidly, amplifying the region's vulnerability to climate change. Rising
temperatures and erratic climatic events threaten agricultural productivity,
especially for critical crops like wheat and rice. Furthermore, increasing
temperatures can indirectly affect water availability, soil moisture, and the
proliferation of pests and diseases. This particularly affects small farmers
with limited adaptive capacities.
Table 1
Prevalence of
Undernourishment in South Asia (2005-2021)
[1] “Policy Brief: Food
Security," Relief Web, June 30,
2006, https://reliefweb.int/report/world/policy-brief-food-security-issue-2-june-2006.
[2] “South Asia: Prevalence of Severe Food Insecurity 2021,” Statista, accessed August 15, 2023, https://www.statista.com/statistics/1180323/south-asia-prevalence-of-severe-foodinsecurity/.
.png)
Source: FAO
Within the ambit of SAARC, a
significant populace grapples with the distressing realities of hunger and
malnutrition. Contemporary assessments reveal that an estimated 14.9 per cent
of individuals[1]
in this region endure hunger and undernourishment, concurrently marked by a
persistent prevalence of malnutrition. The impending impact of climate change
is projected to significantly affect food security, with the highest
concentration of vulnerable individuals also situated in South Asia.
In the fisheries sector, climate
change is linked to El Niño events, potentially disrupting fish larval
abundance in the marginal waters of Southeast and South Asia.[2]
Prolonged growing seasons, and elevated temperatures in temperate Asian
regions, can lead to increased pest populations, impacting crop yields. These
climate-induced shifts in species composition can reshape grasslands and
ecosystems, affecting community resilience and stability.
The consequences of food insecurity ripple across multiple
dimensions, impacting society, economy, and geopolitics. The South Asia Food
and Nutrition Security Initiative (SAFANSI) is a regional effort aimed at
addressing the chronic malnutrition challenge. [3]
SAFANSI's two phases have facilitated advocacy, capacity-building, and behavioural
change to enhance food and nutrition security across South Asian nations.[4]
The ramifications of food
insecurity extend beyond dietary concerns. Socio-economic disparities,
political instability, and cross-border migration can all stem from this challenge.
This intricate interplay underscores the multifaceted nature of food insecurity
as a NTS threat, necessitating comprehensive strategies for the well-being and
stability of the region.
Water Insecurity's Impact and Trans-boundary
Dynamics in South Asia
Water holds a pivotal role in
various facets of human well-being, affecting health, social ties, and food
security. Water insecurity has emerged as a significant NTS threat in South
Asia, impacting its socio-economic fabric. With low per-capita water
availability and significant water use, the region is highly water-scarce. Over
385 million people lack safe water access, affecting health, education, and
livelihoods.[5]
Beyond health concerns, water scarcity disrupts education, perpetuates poverty
cycles, and threatens stability. Unfortunately, by 2025, except Bangladesh, all
South Asian countries are
projected to face acute water shortages. [6]
[1] Food and Agriculture
Organisation of the United Nations, Strengthening
Food Security and Nutrition in South Asia. (Washington D.C: FAO, 2017),
https://www.fao.org/3/ca4574en/ca4574en.pdf
[2] Asian Development Bank, The Economics Of Climate Change In
Southeast Asia: A Regional Review (Jakarta: ADB, 2009).
[3] World Bank, South Asia Food and Nutrition Security
Initiative (SAFANSI) (Washington D.C: WB, 2017), accessed August 15, 2023,
https://www.worldbank.org/en/programs/safansi.
[4] World Bank, South Asia Food and Nutrition Security
Initiative (SAFANSI).
[5] UNICEF, The Value of Water Becomes Clear When You
Don’t Have Any (Nepal: UNICEF, 2022), accessed August 15, 2023,
https://www.unicef.org/rosa/blog/valuewater-becomes-clear-when-you-dont-have-any.
[6] Dr. Raja Muhammad Khan,
“Non-Traditional Security Threats to South Asia,” Margalla Papers 2009, pp- 53.
[7] World
Bank, One South Asia (WB, 2023), https://www.worldbank.org/en/programs/south-asia-regional-integration
Source: FAO
Within the ambit of SAARC, a
significant populace grapples with the distressing realities of hunger and
malnutrition. Contemporary assessments reveal that an estimated 14.9 per cent
of individuals[1]
in this region endure hunger and undernourishment, concurrently marked by a
persistent prevalence of malnutrition. The impending impact of climate change
is projected to significantly affect food security, with the highest
concentration of vulnerable individuals also situated in South Asia.
In the fisheries sector, climate
change is linked to El Niño events, potentially disrupting fish larval
abundance in the marginal waters of Southeast and South Asia.[2]
Prolonged growing seasons, and elevated temperatures in temperate Asian
regions, can lead to increased pest populations, impacting crop yields. These
climate-induced shifts in species composition can reshape grasslands and
ecosystems, affecting community resilience and stability.
The consequences of food insecurity ripple across multiple
dimensions, impacting society, economy, and geopolitics. The South Asia Food
and Nutrition Security Initiative (SAFANSI) is a regional effort aimed at
addressing the chronic malnutrition challenge. [3]
SAFANSI's two phases have facilitated advocacy, capacity-building, and behavioural
change to enhance food and nutrition security across South Asian nations.[4]
The ramifications of food
insecurity extend beyond dietary concerns. Socio-economic disparities,
political instability, and cross-border migration can all stem from this challenge.
This intricate interplay underscores the multifaceted nature of food insecurity
as a NTS threat, necessitating comprehensive strategies for the well-being and
stability of the region.
Water Insecurity's Impact and Trans-boundary
Dynamics in South Asia
Water holds a pivotal role in
various facets of human well-being, affecting health, social ties, and food
security. Water insecurity has emerged as a significant NTS threat in South
Asia, impacting its socio-economic fabric. With low per-capita water
availability and significant water use, the region is highly water-scarce. Over
385 million people lack safe water access, affecting health, education, and
livelihoods.[5]
Beyond health concerns, water scarcity disrupts education, perpetuates poverty
cycles, and threatens stability. Unfortunately, by 2025, except Bangladesh, all
South Asian countries are
projected to face acute water shortages. [6]
South Asia shares water resources, uniting nations despite economic fragmentation. [7] Major rivers like the Indus, Ganges, and Brahmaputra cross multiple borders. The region's economic growth has increased water stress due to urbanisation and industrialisation. Geopolitical tensions, like the India-Pakistan relationship, complicate water management. India's actions impact neighbouring countries' water resources, affecting hydroelectric projects and energy
[1] World Bank, South Asia Food and Nutrition Security
Initiative (SAFANSI) (Washington D.C: WB, 2017), accessed August 15, 2023,
https://www.worldbank.org/en/programs/safansi.
[1] World Bank, South Asia Food and Nutrition Security
Initiative (SAFANSI).
[1] UNICEF, The Value of Water Becomes Clear When You Don’t Have Any (Nepal:
UNICEF, 2022), accessed August 15, 2023,
https://www.unicef.org/rosa/blog/valuewater-becomes-clear-when-you-dont-have-any.
[1]
Dr. Raja Muhammad Khan, “Non-Traditional Security Threats to South Asia,” Margalla Papers 2009, pp- 53.
[1] World
Bank, One South Asia (WB, 2023), https://www.worldbank.org/en/programs/south-asia-regional-integration
needs. Water competition in South
Asia has the potential to escalate conflicts, disrupt livelihoods, and
destabilise states.
South Asia's water security is
threatened by complex challenges that transcend regional boundaries. Achieving
urban water security requires addressing challenges like, rising demand and
depleting resources. Engineering interventions can enhance efficiency, and
address inefficiencies in urban water distribution. Promoting equity through
interventions like urban water metering is crucial. Moreover, collaborative,
multidimensional strategies are necessary to address these challenges.
Harmonised water management, technological advancements, and collective
awareness are essential for ensuring sustainable water security in the region.
Infectious Diseases as Non-Traditional Security
Threat in South Asia
Infectious diseases have emerged
as a significant NTS threat in South Asia, challenging conventional notions of
security. While security concerns are often centered on military and
geopolitical factors, the profound reach and implications of infectious diseases
are reshaping the regional security discourse. This shift is particularly
evident in the field of security studies, where a limited body of literature
has explored the intersection of infectious diseases with human and national
security.
South Asia, constituting nearly
20 per cent of the global population within its densely populated landscape,
confronts shared health vulnerabilities.[1]
Climate change amplifies susceptibility to vector-borne diseases in countries
like India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, and Sri Lanka. Tuberculosis and other
diseases disproportionately affect the region due to socioeconomic disparities,
rapid urbanisation, and human migration.[2]
Climatic conditions, environmental degradation, and inadequate healthcare
infrastructure further contribute to vulnerability.
[1] The BMJ, Health in South Asia (United Kingdom,
2018), accessed August 16, 2023, https://www.bmj.com/health-in-south-asia.
[2] Gigi KwikGronvall, Brittany Bland, Thomas Inglesby, Anita Cicero, “Global Health Security in South Asia,” Johns Hopkins Center for Health Security Report from the meeting in Washington, DC, July 10, 2018, http://www.centerforhealthsecurity.org/ourwork/pubs_archive/pubs-pdfs/2018/180913-global-health-security-south-asia.pdf 29 Yawen Wang et al., “Impact of Climate Change on Dengue Fever Epidemics in South and Southeast Asian Settings: A Modelling Study,” Infectious Disease Modelling 8, No. 3 (September 1, 2023): 645–55.
livelihoods, and destabilise
states.
South Asia's water security is
threatened by complex challenges that transcend regional boundaries. Achieving
urban water security requires addressing challenges like, rising demand and
depleting resources. Engineering interventions can enhance efficiency, and
address inefficiencies in urban water distribution. Promoting equity through
interventions like urban water metering is crucial. Moreover, collaborative,
multidimensional strategies are necessary to address these challenges.
Harmonised water management, technological advancements, and collective
awareness are essential for ensuring sustainable water security in the region.
Infectious Diseases as Non-Traditional Security
Threat in South Asia
Infectious diseases have emerged
as a significant NTS threat in South Asia, challenging conventional notions of
security. While security concerns are often centered on military and
geopolitical factors, the profound reach and implications of infectious diseases
are reshaping the regional security discourse. This shift is particularly
evident in the field of security studies, where a limited body of literature
has explored the intersection of infectious diseases with human and national
security.
South Asia, constituting nearly
20 per cent of the global population within its densely populated landscape,
confronts shared health vulnerabilities.[1]
Climate change amplifies susceptibility to vector-borne diseases in countries
like India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, and Sri Lanka. Tuberculosis and other
diseases disproportionately affect the region due to socioeconomic disparities,
rapid urbanisation, and human migration.[2]
Climatic conditions, environmental degradation, and inadequate healthcare
infrastructure further contribute to vulnerability.
Malaria, tuberculosis, dengue fever, and waterborne diseases
like cholera and typhoid are prevalent in South Asia. Vaccine-preventable
diseases such as measles, and polio also persist due to access challenges.
Emerging threats like avian influenza periodically affect both animal and human
health. The COVID-19 pandemic highlighted vulnerabilities in healthcare
systems, revealing the multifaceted impact of infectious diseases on various
aspects of human security. 29 Within the global panorama,
approximately 8 million of the 23 million inadequately immunised children are
in South Asia. Regrettably, the region is behind its targets for eradicating
polio, measles, maternal and neonatal tetanus, and overall immunisation
coverage. Infant fatalities are common in the region, with nearly 60 per cent
of children succumbing before the age of five. Preventing these neonatal deaths
necessitates unified endeavours encompassing various societal tiers from
households and communities to healthcare practitioners and governmental bodies.
The dearth of sufficient infrastructure remains a deterrent to unhindered
access to vaccination services. Notably, polio continues to persist in two
nations, Afghanistan and Pakistan.[3]
South Asia's cross-border interactions
facilitate rapid disease transmission. Global interconnectedness, exemplified
by the COVID-19 pandemic, underscores the need for proactive infectious disease
management. Yet, historical mistrust and political rivalries hinder regional
cooperation. Effective disease management necessitates coordinated efforts
transcending geopolitical differences. The region faces challenges in achieving
immunisation targets, eradicating diseases, and reducing infant mortality.
Strengthening public health infrastructure, disease surveillance, and research
and development are crucial. Regional cooperation must prioritise health
security as a shared interest, while efforts to raise awareness, combat
misinformation, and ensure equitable healthcare access are paramount for
building societal resilience.
Mass Migration as a Non-Traditional Security
Concern in South Asia
Migration, a historical facet of human history, has been
prominent in South Asia, involving movements within and beyond its borders. The
partition of the Indian Subcontinent in 1947, triggered a notable wave of
permanent migration, primarily driven by ethno-religious and ideological
factors. Countries such as Afghanistan, Bangladesh, and Sri Lanka have
experienced substantial outflows of migrants due to conflicts and environmental
degradation. Notably, Pakistan and India have experienced extensive migration
patterns originating from diverse causal factors, while also hosting
substantial migrant populations. [4]
Mass migration carries significant implications for migrants
themselves as well as for both sending and receiving nations. Cross-border
migration, particularly irregular migration and human-trafficking, presents
intricate challenges transcending legal considerations, encompassing
demographic, social, economic, and political dimensions. Irregular migration,
characterised by its multifaceted threats, holds the potential to precipitate
demographic imbalances, social unrest, economic strains, and political
vulnerabilities. It also serves as a conduit for the infiltration of extremist
elements, heightening the security risk of terrorism and organised crime, thus
presenting a pressing security challenge. [5]
[1] The BMJ, Health in South Asia (United Kingdom,
2018), accessed August 16, 2023, https://www.bmj.com/health-in-south-asia.
[2] Gigi KwikGronvall,
Brittany Bland, Thomas Inglesby, Anita Cicero, “Global Health Security in South
Asia,” Johns Hopkins Center for Health
Security Report from the meeting in Washington,
DC, July 10, 2018,
http://www.centerforhealthsecurity.org/ourwork/pubs_archive/pubs-pdfs/2018/180913-global-health-security-south-asia.pdf
29 Yawen Wang et al., “Impact of Climate Change on Dengue Fever
Epidemics in South and Southeast Asian Settings: A Modelling Study,” Infectious Disease Modelling 8, No. 3
(September 1, 2023): 645–55.
[3] UNICEF, Health (South Asia, UNICEF, 2019),
accessed August 15, 2023, https://www.unicef.org/ rosa/what-we-do/health.
[4] UNICEF, Health (South Asia, UNICEF, 2019),
accessed August 15, 2023, https://www.unicef.org/ rosa/what-we-do/health.
[5] Srivastava, Ravi, Pandey,
Arvind Kumar, “Internal and international migration in South
Asia:
drivers, interlinkage and policy issues,” Discussion paper at UNESCO Office New
Delhi, 2017, https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000249459
[6] Vinod K Bharadwaj, “Migration and Security in South Asia, Emerging Challenges and Concerns,” Academia (2016), https://www.academia.edu/6856846/Migration_ and_Security_in_South_Asia_Emerging_Challenges_and_Concerns.
phenomenon of internal
displacement stemming from natural disasters, repatriation efforts, and refugee
influxes amplifies the array of security concerns. [1]
The aftermath of civil conflicts,
as seen in Sri Lanka and Afghanistan, underscores the profound implications of
migration on regional security. For instance, the civil war in Sri Lanka led to
a significant refugee inflow to neighbouring India, resulting in security
repercussions for both nations.
Similarly, Pakistan's
entanglement in the Afghanistan conflict has catalysed internal instability and
security threats, thereby influencing its demographic dynamics and domestic
security. The inflow of Afghan refugees, coupled with ongoing instability, has
rendered Pakistan susceptible to illicit trans-border activities, encompassing
arms, drugs, and human smuggling.
[1] Srivastava, Ravi, Pandey,
Arvind Kumar, “Internal and international migration in South
Asia:
drivers, interlinkage and policy issues,” Discussion paper at UNESCO Office New
Delhi, 2017, https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000249459
.png)
Source: Internal Displacement Monitoring Centre
In South Asia, the majority of
internal displacements stem from disasters, a trend consistent in 2022.[1]
The year saw a recorded 12.5 million such displacements, a twofold increase
from the 10-year average of 6.3 million.
The upsurge was predominantly
driven by extensive flooding during the monsoon season in Pakistan.
This surge in migration exerts economic pressures on both host and sending countries, shaping economies, labour markets, and social welfare systems, often leading to discernible inequalities and social upheaval. The assimilation of migrants into host communities frequently sparks
[1] Internal Displacement
Monitoring Center, 2023 Global Report on
Internal Displacement
(Geneva: IDMC, 2022), accessed August 28, 2023, https://www.internaldisplacement.org/global-report/grid2023/.
cultural conflicts and social
challenges, thereby affecting social cohesion. Irregular migration escalates
concerns over human trafficking and exploitation, heightening human rights
issues. Movement across porous borders facilitates concealed illicit
activities, including human smuggling and arms trade, augmenting apprehensions
regarding transnational criminal activities and terrorism.
Migrants exert a pronounced impact
on political dynamics, potentially fueling political instability, reshaping the
socio-political landscape, and inciting conflicts. Healthcare systems
experience heightened strain, elevating the susceptibility to disease
outbreaks. Environmental degradation and natural disasters compound migration
patterns, intensifying resource competition and potential for conflict.
Mechanisms of governance addressing mass migration underscore vulnerabilities,
contributing to instability and posing challenges to state authority. Regional
cooperation is of paramount importance, yet historical animosities and concerns
of national sovereignty impede collaborative efforts. Addressing this
multifaceted challenge is crucial for establishing stability, security, and
resilience in the South Asian region.
Terrorism in South Asia: A Persistent
Non-Traditional Security Challenge
Terrorism constitutes a
significant NTS threat in South Asia, and its implications extend both
regionally and globally. Unlike conventional military aggression, terrorism
employs asymmetric tactics to induce fear, disrupt societal functioning, and
advance political, ideological, or religious agendas.[1] In
the complex landscape of South Asia, historical, political, and socio-economic
factors have fostered an environment conducive to terrorism, with several
extremist groups, such as Al-Qaeda, the Taliban, Lashkar-e-Taiba,
Jaish-e-Mohammed, and indigenous
factions, finding a foothold,
contributing to regional volatility. [2]
[1] Todd Sandler and Walter
Enders, “Economic Consequences of Terrorism in Developed and Developing
Countries: An Overview,” in Terrorism,
Economic Development, and Political Openness, ed. Philip Keefer and Norman
Loayza, (CUP, 2008), 17–47
[2] Qasim Saleem et al., “Impact of terrorism on economic growth in south Asian country,” International Journal of Economics and Financial Issues 10, No. 4 (July 10, 2020): 185– 91.
Terrorism in South Asia can be
classified into three categories based on motivation: nationalist, religious
extremism-driven, and ethno-nationalist separatist groups. The impact of
terrorism is profound, affecting nearly every country in the region. In 2022,
Afghanistan remained the most terrorism-affected nation for the fourth
consecutive year. Terrorismrelated fatalities decreased significantly to 633,
the lowest since 2007, with a 75 per cent reduction in incidents and a 58 per
cent decline in casualties compared to the previous year. [1]
Afghanistan's share of global terrorism deaths dropped from 20 to 9 per cent.39
Terrorism affected 26 out of 34 provinces, with Kabul having the highest
casualties, primarily due to Islamic State-Khorasan (ISK). Kabul saw a 50 per
cent decrease in fatalities, from 549 in 2021 to 217 in 2022. Suicide bombings
reduced from 11 to 7, resulting in a 72 per cent decrease in fatalities, from
276 to 78. Bombings caused the most deaths (434) compared to armed attacks
(186). Since the regime change in August 2021, ISK became the most active
terrorist entity, responsible for 115 incidents and 422 deaths, including
attacks on Shia mosques with 50 civilian casualties each.
[1] “ReliefWeb,” Global terrorism index 2023 – world, March 14, 2023, https://reliefweb.int/report /world/global-terrorism-index-2023 39 “ReliefWeb,” Global terrorism index 2023 – world.
.png)
Source: Global Terrorism Index Report 2023
[1] Ramesh Chandra Das and
Sovik Mukherjee, “Determinants of Terrorism in South Asia:
Insights from a Dynamic Panel Data Analysis,” in Cyber Warfare and Terrorism, ed. Information Resources Management Association (IGI Global, 2020), 1598–1617, https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-2466-4.ch094.
.png)
Source: Global Terrorism Index Report 2023
The rise of separatism, extremism, and ethnic nationalism in South Asia is attributed to corruption, poverty, unemployment, and the marginalisation of minority groups and small provinces. These factors hinder inclusive development, exacerbating existing fault-lines and rendering the region susceptible to NTS threats. Terrorism, in this context, has emerged as a significant concern, adversely affecting economic growth. Acts of terrorism result in substantial economic costs, including the destruction of infrastructure, disruption of activities, and deterrence of foreign investment.
The emergence of Hindutva
ideology in India has led to internal tensions and has potential cross-border
implications. [1]
Bangladesh grapples with a rising tide of extremism, with instances of domestic
and transnational terrorism, [2]
while the Maldives and Nepal face their own unique challenges. Sri Lanka has a
history of internal conflict with the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE)
and has also experienced transnational terrorism, exemplified by the 2019
Easter Sunday bombings. [3]
The digital realm has amplified
the terrorist threat, facilitating the spread of extremist ideologies and
recruitment through online platforms. International efforts, including those by
the United States, European Union, and United Nations, are aimed at combating
terrorism in South Asia through capacity building, intelligence sharing, and
tackling the financing of terrorism.
Regional cooperation,
particularly through organisations like SAARC, plays a crucial role in
countering terrorism, as demonstrated by initiatives such as the SAARC
Terrorism Monitoring Desk. However, despite these efforts, terrorism remains a
formidable challenge, eroding trust among regional states and hindering peace
talks. The inability of states to effectively address NTS threats has given
rise to significant non-state actors as security concerns in the region,
compounding the complexity of the issue.
Relevance of Regional Dialogue on NTS Threats in
South Asia
The study of regional dialogue
holds immense relevance in addressing the multifaceted NTS threats facing South
Asia. This importance stems from the unique nature of the challenges prevalent
in the region and the necessity for cooperative and inclusive solutions.
[1] Dr Khurram Iqbal, “The
Rise of Hindutva, Saffron Terrorism and South Asian Regional Security,” Journal of Security & Strategic Analyses
5, No. 1 (2019): 43–63, https://doi.org/10.57169/jssa.005.01.0100.
[2] Sajjan M. Gohel,
“Bangladesh: An Emerging Centre for Terrorism in Asia,” Perspectives on Terrorism 8, No. 3 (2014): 84–91.
[3] Asoka Bandarage, The Separatist Conflict in Sri Lanka: Terrorism, Ethnicity, Political Economy (London: Routledge, 2008).
Firstly, South Asia is a highly
diverse region, both culturally and politically, with a history of complex
interstate relations and historical conflicts. Regional dialogue provides a
structured platform for countries in South Asia to engage in constructive
discussions, fostering mutual understanding and trust. Such dialogue
mechanisms, like SAARC, enable nations to address shared challenges
collaboratively, including environmental issues, transnational terrorism, and
health crises. Through diplomatic negotiations and shared commitments, regional
dialogue can pave the way for collective solutions, emphasising cooperation
over confrontation.
Secondly, NTS threats often
transcend national borders, necessitating a regional approach. For instance,
climate change and environmental degradation affect entire ecosystems, and
their impacts can extend across borders. By engaging in regional dialogue,
South Asian nations can coordinate efforts to mitigate these threats
collectively. Additionally, NTS threats like cyber-attacks and transnational
terrorism often require intelligence sharing and joint efforts to counteract
effectively. Regional dialogue mechanisms provide a framework for information
exchange and the development of common strategies to address these challenges.
Furthermore, economic
vulnerabilities and disparities within South Asia can be mitigated through
regional economic cooperation and dialogue. Initiatives like the South Asian
Free Trade Area (SAFTA) aim to promote economic integration, reduce poverty,
and foster regional development. Such economic dialogues can help alleviate
some of the root causes of instability in the region.
Finally, regional dialogue
fosters a sense of regional identity and cooperation, which is essential for
effective crisis management. During health crises, such as the COVID-19
pandemic, regional dialogue and cooperation are pivotal in ensuring timely
vaccine distribution, sharing healthcare resources, and addressing public
health concerns collectively.
Role of Regional Frameworks in Addressing NTS
threats in South Asia
Regional dialogue in South Asia
serves as a dynamic catalyst for bolstering collective capacity development and
conflict prevention, particularly in the context of NTS threats. This platform
enables the exchange of best practices, cross-border knowledge dissemination,
and equipping South Asian nations with innovative tools for mitigating NTS
challenges. By fostering a culture of mutual learning, it optimises responses
to public health crises, environmental degradation, and cyber vulnerabilities.
Furthermore, regional dialogue
plays a pivotal role in preempting conflicts driven by NTS threats by providing
a structured framework for diplomatic engagement and early crisis management.
It allows nations to collaboratively address underlying factors that could escalate
into conflicts, reducing the potential for misunderstandings and
miscalculations. This preemptive and resolution-oriented approach enhances
regional stability and underscores the transformative power of dialogue in
curbing conflicts related to NTS threats.
Moreover, regional dialogue
facilitates coordinated policy alignment among South Asian nations to ensure
that policies and strategies are harmonised to collectively address
multifaceted NTS challenges. This alignment optimises resource utilisation,
facilitates the sharing of best practices, and enhances preparedness and
response capabilities. Given that NTS threats often transcend national
boundaries, a unified policy framework cultivated through dialogue strengthens
the region's resilience in facing challenges like pandemics, transnational
crime, and environmental crises. Tangible outcomes, such as joint task forces
and standardised protocols, exemplify the concrete benefits of regional
dialogue in fostering a well-coordinated and efficient approach to NTS threats
in South Asia.
Similarly, trust and confidence
can be cultivated through open and transparent communication, often guided by
the principles of Communicative Action Theory. Regional dialogues that include
representatives from all South Asian nations foster inclusivity, ensuring that
every nation has an equal stake in addressing NTS challenges. Transparency in
discussions and decision-making processes further strengthens trust by reducing
suspicions and misunderstandings.
Moreover, these dialogues promote
mutual learning, as nations openly share their perspectives and experiences
related to NTS threats. This exchange of ideas enhances empathy and deepens the
understanding of each other's challenges. Coordinated policy alignment among
South Asian nations also plays a crucial role in trust-building. Harmonising
policies and strategies demonstrate a shared commitment to addressing common
challenges and fosters a sense of partnership among nations. Standardised
protocols, monitoring mechanisms, and compliance verification further
contribute to transparency and confidence-building. These trust-building
mechanisms are essential for creating a more stable and secure environment in
South Asia in the face of evolving NTS threats.
Enhancing Regional Cooperation on NTS Threats
within SAARC
The SAARC was established in 1985 with a secretariat in Nepal
and comprises eight member nations in South Asia. [1]
SAARC's objectives include enhancing the well-being of the region's population,
promoting economic and societal advancement, and engaging with like-minded
international and regional entities. Despite challenges, SAARC can serve as a
neutral and inclusive platform for member states to engage in diplomatic
discussions, bridge differences, and foster mutual understanding regarding NTS
threats. It can facilitate information sharing, establish shared norms and best
practices, and focus on capacity building through training programmes. SAARC
can also drive regional projects on disaster preparedness, climate change
adaptation, and public health, raising public awareness and supporting research
on these threats while mediating disputes and developing regional agreements
for crisis management. [2]
Leveraging SAARC as a platform
for promoting regional dialogue on NTS threats in South Asia can be achieved by
adopting a multilateral, cooperative, and inclusive approach. [3] SAARC, while not primarily focused on
addressing bilateral issues, can provide a conducive environment for member
nations to collectively address shared NTS concerns. This can be achieved
through various initiatives discussed below:
[1] S.S. Colombage, “Payments
and Monetary Cooperation in South Asia: Developments and Perspectives,” South Asian Survey 2, No. 2 (1995):
213-224.
[2] “South Asian Association
for Regional Cooperation (SAARC,” European Union
External
Action, November 21, 2021, accessed August 18, 2023,
https://www.eeas.europa.eu/eeas/south-asian-association-regional-cooperation-saarc_en.
[3] Joy Mitra, “SAARC: Pakistani Perspective,” FPRC Journal, 20 (2015): 155-159.
•
meet regularly to share information, best
practices, and research findings on NTS threats, fostering collaboration and
understanding among member states.
•
Regular
Summits and Conferences: SAARC summits and conferences can include sessions
or tracks specifically dedicated to NTS threats. These gatherings would allow
member nations to discuss and deliberate on the latest developments,
challenges, and opportunities related to NTS issues. Prominent experts and
organisations working in these fields can be invited to share their insights
and recommendations.
•
Information
Sharing and Capacity Building: SAARC can facilitate the sharing of
information and expertise among member nations. This can include joint training
programmes, workshops, and capacity-building initiatives related to disaster
response, public health preparedness, and cyber resilience. By pooling
resources and knowledge, member countries can collectively enhance their
capabilities to address NTS threats effectively.
•
Data and
Research Exchange: SAARC can encourage the exchange of data and research
findings related to NTS threats. Establishing a regional database or
information-sharing platform can help the member’s access to vital information
on issues like disease outbreaks, environmental trends, and emerging security
threats. This data exchange can inform evidence-based policymaking and response
strategies.
•
Public
Awareness and Education: SAARC can support public awareness campaigns and
educational programmes aimed at informing citizens about NTS threats and the
collective efforts being made to address them. Promoting a sense of shared responsibility
among the public can generate greater support for regional cooperation on these
issues.
•
Policy
Coordination: SAARC can facilitate policy coordination among member nations
to ensure that national policies are aligned with regional priorities for
addressing NTS threats. Standardised protocols and joint policy frameworks can
be developed to streamline responses to common challenges.
•
Resource
Mobilisation: SAARC can explore mechanisms for resource mobilisation,
including regional funds or partnerships with international organisations, to
support initiatives related to NTS threats. This would ensure that member countries
have the necessary resources to respond effectively to crises.
•
Engagement
with International Partners: SAARC can engage with international partners,
such as the United Nations, regional organisations, and donor agencies, to
access technical expertise, funding, and best practices in addressing NTS
threats. Collaborating with these partners can amplify the impact of regional
efforts.
•
Track-II
Diplomacy: SAARC can encourage Track-II diplomacy initiatives involving
think tanks, academics, and civil society organisations from member countries.
These non-governmental dialogues can generate innovative ideas and solutions
for addressing NTS threats, which can then be presented to policymakers.
By taking these steps and
promoting NTS discussions on the sidelines of
SAARC events, member nations can
collectively address the diverse and evolving security challenges facing South
Asia. This collaborative approach can enhance regional resilience,
preparedness, and cooperation in mitigating NTS threats.
Conclusion
The evolution of the security
concept demands a paradigm shift in South Asia's approach to security challenges.
To address South Asia's complex security challenges, the regional countries
must focus on a more comprehensive and inclusive approach that prioritises
human security and development. By recognising the interconnectedness between
traditional and non-traditional security issues, governments can better
allocate resources to tackle the root causes of these challenges. Overcoming
geopolitical rivalries and working together towards common goals will be the
key to unlocking the full potential of South Asia's cooperative strength.
The regional dialogue on NTS
threats in South Asia emerges as a clarion call to action for addressing the
contemporary complexities facing the region. As South Asia grapples with a
myriad of NTS challenges, a focused regional dialogue becomes imperative for
innovative approaches. While SAARC stands as a pivotal organisation for
facilitating such dialogues, the effectiveness has been hampered by
geopolitical rivalries. Transcending these differences, prioritising collective
security, and investing in addressing NTS threats are essential for improving
wellbeing, resilience, and reducing the risk of conflicts and arms races. A
redefined regional security paradigm in South Asia, shaped through
collaborative and inclusive dialogue, not only acknowledges the urgency of
addressing NTS concerns but also charts a course toward a more secure and
resilient South Asia.n
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